Mustafa Kemal Atatürk
Mustafa Kemal Ataturk was a revolutionary who helped establish the Republic of Turkey. He was Turkey's first president, and his reforms modernized the country.
Childhood of Mustafa Kemal
Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was born in Selanik. His mother name is Zübeyde, his father name is Ali Rıza. He went 3 types of 7 school.
- Mahalle Mektebi ( It was a religious school. He went to this school for a short period on his mother's request.)
- Şemsi Efendi Okulu. ( It was the first modern school in Selanik. He studied at this school until his father died.)
- Selanik Mülkiye Rüştiyesi.
- Selanik Askeri Rüştiyesi. ( Mustafa Kemal wanted be a soldier. He entered an exam and he won a chance to go military school.)
- Manastır Askeri İdadisi. ( It was a high school.)
- Harp Okulu.
- Harp Akademisi. [Mustafa Kemal was the head of 100 Soldier. (No meaning of " yüzbaşı ")]
Mustafa Kemal's military period
TRABLUSGARP WAR:
Mustafa Kemal and a group of his friends took part in Tobruk and Derna Fronts during the war which started in 1911 against the Italians who were attacking Tripoli (Libya). He won the Battle of Tobruk against the Italian forces on 22 December 1911. He was then appointed to Derna Front as the Commander-in-Chief on 6 March 1912. Balkan War started while Trablusgarp war continued.
Çanakkale ( Gallipoli) WAR
On 18 March 1915, when British and French navies failed to break in through the Straits of Dardanelles with heavy losses. They decided to attacked on land. Mustafa Kemal was 19th Division Commander when the war started. Under the command of Mustafa Kemal, 19 Division halted the enemy forces, which landed in Ariburnu -now called Anzak Koyu (Anzac Cove)- on 25 April 1915 at Conkbayir.
He had a legendary sentences in the war. He said that "I do not order you to attack, I order you to die
Due to the successes of the war all troops are connected to Mustafa Kemal.
Anafartalar Group Commander Mustafa Kemal won the victory of Battle of Anafartalar on 9-10 August. Following this, he also won the victories of Battle of Kirectepe on 17 August and Second Battle of Anafartalar on 21 August. The Turkish nation defended her honour in Gallipoli (Battle of Canakkale) against Entente States by losing approximately 253,000 Turkish soldiers.
Independence War
Mustafa Kemal arrived in Samsun on 19 May 1919 as the Inspector General of the 9 Army. On 22 June 1919, he issued the Amasya Circular, declaring that the nation's determination and decision will restore the nation's independence and called for the gathering of Congress in Erzurum and Sivas. Between 23 July and 7 August 1919 delegates from all over the country gathered in Erzurum and then between 4 September and 11 September 1919 in Sivas, determining the path to follow in order to gain nation’s independence. On 27 December 1919 he was welcomed in Ankara. He opened Turkish Turkish Grand National Assembly on 23 April 1920.
The important stages of the Independence War!
• Liberation of Sarikamis (20 September 1920), Kars (30 October 1920) and Gümrü (7 November 1920). (Kazım Karabekir was the leader at the war. They fighted against Armenia. Turks beat their enemy!)
• Defences of Cukurova, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa and Kahraman Maras (1919-1920).
• Liberation of Sarikamis (20 September 1920), Kars (30 October 1920) and Gümrü (7 November 1920). (Kazım Karabekir was the leader at the war. They fighted against Armenia. Turks beat their enemy!)
• Defences of Cukurova, Gaziantep, Sanliurfa and Kahraman Maras (1919-1920).
("Kuvâ-yi Milliye" fight against French. Kuvâ-yi Milliye meaning is Local militia forces. "Şahin Bey", "Sütçü İmam"... They were our hereos.)
• Victory at the First Battle of Inönü (6-10 January 1920)
(Ismet Pasha was the leader of the war. Years after Ismet pasha take his surname "Inonu". Turkish soldiers fight against Greek's.
• Victory at the Second Battle of Inönü (23 March-1 April 1920).
• Victory at the Battle of Sakarya (23 August-13 September 1921).
• Victory at the Second Battle of Inönü (23 March-1 April 1920).
• Victory at the Battle of Sakarya (23 August-13 September 1921).
Mustafa Kemal to the rank of Field Marshal and granted him the title of Gazi-the Victorious Fighter
• Great Offensive, Battle of Dumlupinar (Battle of Commander-in-Chief) and the Great (Final) Victory (26 August-9 September 1922).
(It was the last Turkish attack. The war ended after this battle. Turkey
• Great Offensive, Battle of Dumlupinar (Battle of Commander-in-Chief) and the Great (Final) Victory (26 August-9 September 1922).
(It was the last Turkish attack. The war ended after this battle. Turkey
AFTER WARS
The sultanate was abolished in November 1, 1922.
Mustafa Kemal Mustafa kemal, established the republic on 29 Octoper 1923.
Atatürk made many reforms in order to bring Turkey to the level of contemporary civilizations. Those reforms can be put under five main topics:
1. Political Reforms
- Abolishment of the Sultanate (1 November 1922)
- Declaration of the Republic (29 October 1923)
- Abolishment of Caliphate (3 March 1924)
2. Social Reforms
- Women were given equal rights with men (1926-1934)
- The Revolution of Headgear and Outfit (25 November 1925)
- Closing of dervish lodges and shrines (30 November 1925)
- The surname law (21 June 1934)
- Abolishment of nicknames, pious and royal titles (26 November 1934)
- Adoption of the International calendar, time and measurements (1925-1931)
3. Juridical Reforms
- Abolishment of the Canon Law (1924-1937)
- Instating the new Turkish Civil Code and other legislation to suit secular order (1924 - 1937)
4. Educational and Cultural Reforms
- Integration of education (3 March 1924)
- Adoption of the new Turkish alphabet (1 November 1928)
- Establishment of the Turkish Language and Historical Societies (1931-1932)
- Organization of the university education (31 May 1933).
- Innovations in fine arts
5. Economical Reforms
- Abolishment of old taxation laws.
- Encouragement of the farmers.
- Establishment of model farms.
- Legislation of the Encouragement of the Industry Law and establishment of Industrial Corporations.
- Implementing First and Second Development Plans (1933-1937), construction of new highways to reach every corner of the country.
The sultanate was abolished in November 1, 1922.
Mustafa Kemal Mustafa kemal, established the republic on 29 Octoper 1923.
Atatürk made many reforms in order to bring Turkey to the level of contemporary civilizations. Those reforms can be put under five main topics:
1. Political Reforms
- Abolishment of the Sultanate (1 November 1922)
- Declaration of the Republic (29 October 1923)
- Abolishment of Caliphate (3 March 1924)
2. Social Reforms
- Women were given equal rights with men (1926-1934)
- The Revolution of Headgear and Outfit (25 November 1925)
- Closing of dervish lodges and shrines (30 November 1925)
- The surname law (21 June 1934)
- Abolishment of nicknames, pious and royal titles (26 November 1934)
- Adoption of the International calendar, time and measurements (1925-1931)
3. Juridical Reforms
- Abolishment of the Canon Law (1924-1937)
- Instating the new Turkish Civil Code and other legislation to suit secular order (1924 - 1937)
4. Educational and Cultural Reforms
- Integration of education (3 March 1924)
- Adoption of the new Turkish alphabet (1 November 1928)
- Establishment of the Turkish Language and Historical Societies (1931-1932)
- Organization of the university education (31 May 1933).
- Innovations in fine arts
5. Economical Reforms
- Abolishment of old taxation laws.
- Encouragement of the farmers.
- Establishment of model farms.
- Legislation of the Encouragement of the Industry Law and establishment of Industrial Corporations.
- Implementing First and Second Development Plans (1933-1937), construction of new highways to reach every corner of the country.